APEC 2014 Economic Leaders’ Meeting. Photo courtesy of APEC.
By Kalinga Seneviratne
IDN
Since the 2008 economic meltdown, Europeans and the Americans have been asking the Chinese to contribute more to the Bretton Woods institutions. The Chinese, on the other hand, have been demanding reforms to the hegemonic system of management and voting rights in these institutions that favor the Americans and the Europeans. Both appeals have mainly landed on deaf ears.
Now the Chinese have decided rather than using their enormous financial reserves to prop up a world economic order that does not give them a say in its governance procedures, they will set up their own institutions. Many of the emerging nations seem to agree with China.
In July this year, the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) announced the formation of the BRICS Development Bank with a reserve fund of USD 100 billion that aims to strengthen the global financial safety net. At the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) meeting in Beijing, China, will announce the launch of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) with an initial Chinese investment of $50 billion.
The Chinese have been working on the idea for over a year and lobbied many of the regional government to join in. In spite of heavy U.S. pressure, 20 other Asian and Gulf states signed the MOU on 24th October in Beijing to set up the bank, that will begin to function at the end of 2015.
India, which may have buckled to U.S. pressure a year ago, has enthusiastically embraced the new bank under Narendra Modi’s leadership and hinted at a substantial contribution to its capital. Staunch U.S. allies – Singapore, Philippines, Qatar and Kuwait – have joined in. Only South Korea and Australia have caved into U.S. pressure and not signed in, while Japan seems not to have been invited.
Just over a week after taking office, Indonesia’s new president Joko Widodo has overturned a decision of his predecessor and told the visiting Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi on November 5th that Indonesia will also sign the MOU. Now Australia’s Prime Minister Tony Abbot says that his country is also keen to join the new regional bank.
The 21 founding members of the AIIB are Bangladesh, Brunei, Cambodia, China, India, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Laos, Malaysia, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, Oman, Pakistan, Philippines, Qatar, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Uzbekistan and Vietnam. Indonesia will also join this list.
The purpose of the AIIB will be to provide infrastructure development funds to countries in the Asian region that was earlier dominated by the Japan, Australia and U.S. dominated Asian Development Bank (ADB).
Estimates have put the infrastructure development needs of the Asian region up to 2020 at USD 8 trillion with Indonesia alone needing USD 230 billion. The existing institutions were not supposed to provide this unless China was willing to invest its huge reserves.
Against Established Regional and Global Order
In a commentary published in the Jakarta Post, chairman of the Singapore Institute of International Affairs, Simon Tay, argued that the AIIB proposal runs against the established regional and global order, in which the Americans dominate the World Bank while the Japanese traditionally head the Asian Development Bank.
But he added that times have changed, “some will remember how, back during the Asian crisis of 1997-1998, they (U.S.) persuaded Japan and others not to support calls for an Asian Monetary Fund. However, the reality today is that, given the real needs for infrastructure, a simple No will no longer suffice”.
Dr Ahmad Rashid Malik, senior research fellow at the Institute of Strategic Studies in Islamabad writing in Pakistan’s Nation newspaper described the AIIB as an “Asian dream come true”. He sees this as a major breakthrough in ending western financial institutions’ hegemony in Asia, which many Asian leaders have fought against for over half a century.
“China wants to build new economic corridors in Asia such the Silk Route Belt in Central Asia, China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), and the China-India-Bangladesh-Myanmar (CIBM) Economic Corridor. These are energy and trade corridors mutually beneficial to these countries,” he points out. “China would provide a leadership role in building these corridors to uplift the infrastructure in Asia, hitherto neglected for centuries”.
Sri Lanka’s International Monetary Cooperation Minister Dr Sarath Ammunugama also agrees that this bank will have a positive impact on the region’s infrastructure development. “This will enable Sri Lanka to obtain loans at a concessionary rate to further boost the expansion and building of infrastructure,” he told the Daily News in Colombo.
While much of the region’s media and economic analysts have welcomed the new bank, most of the western media have been barking about possible lack of good governance, anti-corruption and human rights procedures in the bank’s lending policies. They tend to argue that the ADB and the World Bank have strict criteria in this area, ignoring the fact that the ADB in particular has been criticized for years by civil society groups and even certain government officials for their insensitivity to the plight of the poor such as in funding water privatization schemes, or for land rights of the poor or even for cronyism in the choice of consultants.
At ADB’s 38th governors’ meeting in Istanbul in 2005, a consortium of civil society groups accused the bank of pushing development policies that exploit the poor and support private sector.
Lack of Accountability
“The ADB’s operations in the Asia-Pacific region have been marked by a shocking lack of public accountability, poor governance and massive corruption. Of particular concern is the ADB’s massive support for fossil fuels, specifically coal fired power plants, which has contributed significantly to severe climate impacts in Asia, such as more intense droughts and storms,” said a statement issued by the group.
Since then, the ADB claims that they have put in place a strong anti-corruption and good governance regime. ADB says that its continuing campaign to spread awareness on aid fraud and reporting has been successful in encouraging the public to submit complaints. In 2012, the ADB’s annual aid fraud index tallied a peak in corruption complaints.
It recorded 240 complaints and 114 new investigations against illicit practices, leading to the debarment of 42 firms and 38 individuals. A big chunk of the complaints involved misrepresentations of qualifications, experience and technical capabilities by consulting firms, contractors and individuals gunning for a chance to do business with ADB.
A big challenge for AIIB will be to guard against corruption, especially with an infrastructure building industry that is rife with corrupt practices across the Asian region. The western media will be ever ready to chew on any hints of corruption within the bank to discredit it.
In an editorial, London’s Guardian newspaper gave some useful advice to its western media counterparts in judging the latest developments in Asia.
“It is an exaggeration to talk of the pace of reform at the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, for there has been almost none to these, the so-called ‘Washington institutions’ … that is why countries that had hardly any economic profile three-quarters of a century ago but are now giants, such as China, are starting to change it from the outside,” noted the Guardian.
Thus it pointed out that the launch of the AIIB to which 21 regional countries have signed up is a product of this frustration. “It will give China the clout in regional financing that membership of the ADB has not allowed it to wield, in spite of being a generous capital provider to it.”
“China is not withdrawing from the Washington institutions, it is supplementing them,” it argued. “Unlike certain other aspects of China’s policy, this development is properly seen in the context of the ‘peaceful rise’, which China’s leaders have proclaimed. This is a case for accommodation, not confrontation.”
Dr Kalinga Seneviratne is IDN Special Correspondent for Asia-Pacific. He teaches international communications in Singapore.
Courtesy of IDN
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